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From Abraham until Phoenicians age in 700 BC
Abraham (Hebrew: אַבְרָהָם, Standard Avraham Tiberian ʾAḇrāhām Ashkenazi Avrohom or Avruhom ; Arabic: ÇÈÑÇåíã, Ibrāhīm ; Ge'ez: አብርሃም, ʾAbrəham) is a figure in the Torah, Bible, and Quran whom Jewish, Christian and Muslim believers regard as the founding patriarch of the Israelites, Arabs and Edomite peoples. In what is thus called Abrahamic religious tradition, Abraham is the forefather of these peoples.
Around 626 BC, Babylonian independence was finally won from Assyria by a leader named Nabopolassar. Under his leadership, Babylonia again became the dominant imperial power in the Near East and thus entered into her "golden age." In 605 BC, Nebuchadnezzar II, the son of Nabopolassar, became ruler and reigned for 44 years. Under him the Babylonian Empire reached its greatest strength. Using the treasures which he took from other nations, Nebuchadnezzar built Babylon, the capital city of Babylonia, into one of the leading cities of the world. The famous hanging gardens of Babylon were known to the Greeks as one of the seven wonders of the world.
Persian Empire was the Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BC) — famous in antiquity as the foe of the classical Greek states (See Greco-Persian Wars) under Darius and Xerxes (or Xerkes)— a united Iranian kingdom that originated in the region now known as Pars province of Iran.
According to the Torah, Abraham was brought by God from Mesopotamia to the land of Canaan, around 2000 BCE. There entered into a covenant: in exchange for sole recognition of Yahweh as supreme universal deity and authority, Abraham will be blessed with innumerable progeny. His life as narrated in the book of Genesis (chapters 11–25) may reflect various traditions.
It was formed under Cyrus the Great, who overthrew the empire of the Medes, and conquered much of the Middle East, including the territories of the Babylonians (Asuristan), the Phoenicians, and the Lydians. Cyrus' son, Cambyses, continued Cyrus' conquests by conquering Egypt.
The Achaemenids were the first to create a centralized state in Persia, founded by Achaemenes (Hakhamanish), chieftain of the Persians around 700 BC.
It may have been during the Achaemenid period that Zoroastrianism reached South-Western Iran, where it came to be accepted by the rulers and through them became a defining element of Persian culture. The religion was not only accompanied by a formalization of the concepts and divinities of the traditional (Indo-)Iranian pantheon but also introduced several novel ideas, including that of free will, which is arguably Zoroaster's greatest contribution to religious philosophy. Under the patronage of the Achaemenid kings, and later as the de-facto religion of the state, Zoroastrianism would reach all corners of the empire. In turn, Zoroastrianism would be subject to the first sycretic influences, in particular from the Semitic lands to the west, from which the divinities of the religion would gain astral and planetary aspects and from where the temple cult originates. It was also during the Achaemenid era that the sacerdotal Magi would exert their influence on the religion, introducing many of the practices that are today identified as typically Zoroastrian, but also introducing doctrinal modifications that are today considered to be revocations of the original teachings of the prophet.
Cyrus' son, Cambyses II, annexed Egypt to the Achaemenid Empire. The empire then reached its greatest extent under Darius I. He led conquering armies into the Indus River valley and into Thrace in Europe. A punitive raid against Greece was halted at the Battle of Marathon. His son Xerxes I tried to subdue the Greeks, but his army was defeated at the Battle of Plataea 479 BC.
The Assyrian homeland was located near a mountainous region, extending along the Tigris as far as the high Gordiaean or Carduchian mountain range of Armenia, sometimes known as the "Mountains of Ashur".
In the Middle Bronze Age Assyria was a region on the Upper Tigris river, named for its original capital, the ancient city of Assur (Akkadian: Aššur; Hebrew: אַשּׁוּר Aššûr, Aramaic: Aṯûr). Later, as a nation and empire that came to control all of the Fertile Crescent, Egypt and much of Anatolia, the term "Assyria proper" referred to roughly the northern half of Mesopotamia (the southern half being Babylonia), with Nineveh as its capital.
The dates for the kings given below as reigning between 1420 BC and 1179 BC are particularly problematic, as the dating differs depending on which of the Assyrian King Lists is given precedence. The dating below for the kings of this period is based on Assyrian King Lists B and C, which give only three years to Ninurta-apal-Ekur, and the same to Ashur-nadin-apli. A traditional list based more on Assyrian King List A would give 14 years to Ninurta-apal-Ekur and 4 years to Ashur-nadin-apli. This version is followed by many sources, which thus give Ashur-uballit I as succeeding in 1366 BC and Shalmaneser I in 1275 BC.
This page lists the Kings of Assyria from earliest times. Synchronisms with absolute dates known from Babylonian chronology and the limmu lists, which give the names of eponymous officials for each year, provide good absolute dates for the years between 911 BC and 649 BC.
Son of Adad-nirari I, he succeeded his father as King in 1263 BC. He carried on a series of campaigns against the Aramaeans in northern Mesopotamia, annexed a portion of Cilicia to the Assyrian empire, and established Assyrian colonies on the borders of Cappadocia. According to his annals, discovered at Assur, in his first year he conquered eight countries in the north-west and destroyed the fortress of Arinnu, the dust of which he brought to Assur. In his second year he defeated Shattuara, king of Hanilgalbat, and his Hittite and Ahlamu allies. He incorporated remains of Mittani kingdom, as part of one of the Assyrian province. Shalmaneser I also claimed to have blinded 14,400 enemy prisoners in one eye. He was one of the first Assyrian kings who was known to deport his defeated enemies to various lands rather than simply slaughtering them all. He conquered the whole country from Taidu to Irridu, all of mount Kashiar to Eluhat and the fortresses of Sudu, Harranu to Carchemish on the Euphrates. He built palaces at Assur and Nineveh, restored "the world-temple" at Assur, and founded the city of Nimrud. He was succeeded by his son Tukulti-Ninurta I.
Although the dates between 1179 BC and 912 BC are not as secure as the dates from 911 BC onwards, they are generally agreed upon by most Assyriologists. The dating for the end of the Assyrian period is unresolved, due to the lack of limmu lists after 649 BC. Some sources give Ashurbanipal only 38 years, having him die in 631 BC. Ashur-etil-ilani then reigns from 631 to 627, and Sin-shar-ishkun reigns thereafter down to 612 BC, when he is known to have died in the sack of Nineveh.
Nebuchadrezzar II, more often called Nebuchadnezzar (c 630-562 BC), was a ruler of Babylon in the Chaldean Dynasty, who reigned c. 605 BC-562 BC. He is famous for his monumental building within his capital of Babylon, his role in the Book of Daniel, and his construction of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon and known among Christians and Jews for his conquests of Judah and Jerusalem. He was traditionally called "Nebuchadrezzar the Great", but his destruction of temples in Jerusalem and the conquest of Judah caused his vilification in the Bible, (Daniel 1:1; Prophecied Jeremiah 25:11). In contemporary Iraq and some other parts of the Middle East, he is glorified as a historic leader.
King of assyria humbling captives
In 612 BC, after a prolonged civil war, Assyria's two former vassals, the Babylonians and the Medes, conquered and destroyed Nineveh, the capital of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. The great city went up in flames, never to regain its former status. Three years later the same rebels razed Assyria's Western metropolis, Harran, crushing the last-ditch resistance of Assyria's last king,Ashur-uballit II. This event sealed the fate of the Assyrian Empire, and that is where the story of Assyria usually ends in history books.
King Solomon (Hebrew: שְׁלֹמֹה, Standard Šəlomo or Šlomo Tiberian Šəlōmōh; Arabic: ÓáíãÇä, Sulayman; all essentially meaning "peace") is a figure described in Middle Eastern scriptures as a wise ruler of an empire centred on the united Kingdom of Israel. Legends say he was born in Jerusalem about 1000 BCE and reigned over Israel from about 970 to 928 BCE. The scriptural accounts identify Solomon as the son of David He is also called Jedidiah in the Tanakh (Old Testament), and is described as the third king of the United Monarchy, and the final king before the northern Kingdom of Israel and the southern Kingdom of Judah split; following the split his patrilineal descendants ruled over Judah alone. The Bible portrays Solomon as great in wisdom, wealth, and power. Solomon is the subject of many other later legends.
Moses & Aaron in Sinai
Goliath (גָּלְיָת, Standard Hebrew Golyat, Tiberian Hebrew Golyāṯ, Arabic: ÌÇáæÊ Jalut) is a Philistine warrior mentioned in the Hebrew Bible. He is famous for his battle in the 11th century BC with David, the young Israelite boy who had already been chosen by God and anointed by Samuel to become the King of Israel. He hailed from Gath, one of five ancient city states in Philistia.
Samuel or Shmu'el (Hebrew: שְׁמוּאֵל, Standard Šəmuʼel Tiberian Šəmûʼēl) is an important leader of ancient Israel in the Book(s) of Samuel in the Hebrew Bible.
David (c.1005–970 BC) (Hebrew: דָּוִד, Standard Davíd Tiberian Dāwíð ; Arabic: ÏÇææÏ or ÏÇæÏ, Dāwūd ; Geez : Dāwīt ; "beloved") was the second king of the united Kingdom of Israel. He is depicted as a righteous king—although not without fault—as well as an acclaimed warrior, musician and poet (he is traditionally credited with the authorship of many of the Psalms). His life and reign, as recorded in the Hebrew Bible's books of Samuel (from I Samuel 16 onwards) and Chronicles, have been of central importance to Jewish and Western culture.
King Solomon (Hebrew: שְׁלֹמֹה, Standard Šəlomo or Šlomo Tiberian Šəlōmōh; Arabic: ÓáíãÇä, Sulayman; all essentially meaning "peace") is a figure described in Middle Eastern scriptures as a wise ruler of an empire centred on the united Kingdom of Israel. Legends say he was born in Jerusalem about 1000 BCE and reigned over Israel from about 970 to 928 BCE. The scriptural accounts identify Solomon as the son of David He is also called Jedidiah in the Tanakh (Old Testament), and is described as the third king of the United Monarchy, and the final king before the northern Kingdom of Israel and the southern Kingdom of Judah split; following the split his patrilineal descendants ruled over Judah alone.
David (c.1005–970 BC) (Hebrew: דָּוִד, Standard Davíd Tiberian Dāwíð ; Arabic: ÏÇææÏ or ÏÇæÏ, Dāwūd ; Geez : Dāwīt ; "beloved") was the second king of the united Kingdom of Israel. He is depicted as a righteous king—although not without fault—as well as an acclaimed warrior, musician and poet (he is traditionally credited with the authorship of many of the Psalms). His life and reign, as recorded in the Hebrew Bible's books of Samuel (from I Samuel 16 onwards) and Chronicles, have been of central importance to Jewish and Western culture.
The history of Ancient Israel and Judah is known to us from classical sources including the Judaism's Tanakh or Hebrew Bible (known to Christianity as the Old Testament), the Talmud, the Ethiopian Kebra Nagast, the writings of Nicolaus of Damascus, Artapanas, Philo of Alexandria and Josephus supplemented by ancient sources uncovered by archeology including Egyptian, Moabite, Assyrian, Babylonian as well as Israelite and Judean inscriptions
Solomon's Temple (Hebrew: áéú äî÷ãù, transliterated Beit HaMikdash), also known as the First Temple, was, according to the Bible, the first Jewish Temple in Jerusalem.
Phoenicia (or Phenicia \fi-ˈnish-(ç-)ə, -ˈnçsh-\ from Biblical Phenice \fi-ˈnî-sç\[1]) was an ancient civilization centered in the north of ancient Canaan, with its heartland along the coast of modern day Lebanon & Syria [2] Phoenician civilization was an enterprising maritime trading culture that spread across the Mediterranean during the first millennium BC, between the period of 1200 BC to 900 BC. Though ancient boundaries of such city-centered cultures fluctuated, the city of Tyre seems to have been the southernmost Sarepta between Sidon and Tyre, is the most thoroughly excavated city of the Phoenician homeland. The Phoenicians often traded by means of a galley, a man-powered sailing vessel. They were the first civilization to create the bireme. There is still debate on the subject of whether the Canaanites and Phoenicians were different peoples or not. counted among the Canaanite languages in the Semitic language family. The Phoenician alphabet is the ancestor of virtually all modern alphabets.[3] Through their maritime trade, the Phoenicians spread the use of the alphabet to North Africa and Europe where the alphabet was adopted by the Greeks.[4] In addition to their many inscriptions, the Phoenicians, contrary to some reports, wrote many books, which have not survived. Evangelical Preparation by Eusebius of Caesarea quotes extensively from Philo of Byblos and Sanchuniathon. Furthermore, the Phoenician Punic colonies of North Africa continued to be a source of knowledge about the Phoenicians. Saint Augustine knew at least a smattering of Punic and occasionally uses it to explain cognate words found in Hebrew. The name of his mother, Saint Monica, is said to be of Punic origin as well.
A kohen (or cohen, Hebrew כּהן, "priest", pl. כּהנִים, kohanim or cohanim), is assumed to be a direct male descendant of the Biblical Aaron, brother of Moses. Another term for the descendants of Aaron are the Aaronites. During the existence of the Temple in Jerusalem, kohanim performed specific duties vis-à-vis the daily and festival sacrificial offerings. The Kohen Gadol (High Priest) played a special role during the service of Yom Kippur. Today, kohanim retain a distinct personal status within Judaism and are still bound by special laws in Orthodox and, to a lesser extent, in Conservative Jewish communities.
